History of Computing

Cyber security is the greatest risk faced by financial institutions today, a risk they have understood and managed for decades longer than is commonly understood. Ever since the major London banks purchased their first computers in the early 1960s, they have had to balance their dependence on those machines with the need to secure their operations and retain the trust of their customers.
Technological change in the second half of the 20th century prompted British banks to reevaluate their function as trusted protectors of wealth. In the City of London, the capital’s oldest area and historically its business and commerce hub, the colossal clearing banks employed newly commercialised electronic computers—the processing power of which could transform the highly clerical clearing and settlement process. What unfolded over the following three decades was a relentless modernisation drive. Revolutionising the way that banks and other financial institutions conducted business and interacted with each other and permanently altering the speed and scale at which the United Kingdom’s financial sector functioned, this rapid modernisation thrust computer security into the consciousness of bank executives and their clients alike.
Dependence on computers quickly grew, and the banks immediately realised the need to secure their new software and hardware. Focusing on the period 1960 to 1990, this book uses newly released and previously unexplored archival material to trace the origins of cyber security in the UK financial sector.
Topics and features:

Describes how institutions managed the evolving challenge of computer security in the second half of the 20th century Demonstrates continuity in banks' views of security through the prism of confidentiality, integrity and availability, and the concept of resilience Presents case studies of bank collaboration on computer security through creation of payment systems like SWIFT and CHAPS Outlines the shift from focusing on physical security measures to technical network-protection measures Explores the relationship between banks and the UK Government as bank operations became dependent on computer and network technology This work will be of value to students and academic researchers in the history of computing, financial history, and the history of intelligence and security, as well as the general reader interested in contemporary intelligence, cyber security, and finance.

When viewed through a political lens, the act of defining terms in natural language arguably transforms knowledge into values. This unique volume explores how corporate, military, academic, and professional values shaped efforts to define computer terminology and establish an information engineering profession as a precursor to what would become computer science.

As the Cold War heated up, U.S. federal agencies increasingly funded university researchers and labs to develop technologies, like the computer, that would ensure that the U.S. maintained economic prosperity and military dominance over the Soviet Union. At the same time, private corporations saw opportunities for partnering with university labs and military agencies to generate profits as they strengthened their business positions in civilian sectors. They needed a common vocabulary and principles of streamlined communication to underpin the technology development that would ensure national prosperity and military dominance. 

• investigates how language standardization contributed to the professionalization of computer science as separate from mathematics, electrical engineering, and physics
• examines traditions of language standardization in earlier eras of rapid technology development around electricity and radio
• highlights the importance of the analogy of “the computer is like a human” to early explanations of computer design and logic
• traces design and development of electronic computers within political and economic contexts
• foregrounds the importance of human relationships in decisions about computer design

This in-depth humanistic study argues for the importance of natural language in shaping what people come to think of as possible and impossible relationships between computers and humans. The work is a key reference in the history of technology and serves as a source textbook on the human-level history of computing. In addition, it addresses those with interests in sociolinguistic questions around technology studies, as well as technology development at the nexus of politics, business, and human relations.