LEIZA Publications

This volume critically examines the evolution and impact of the "Man the Hunter" paradigm in Pleistocene archaeology. Originally proposed in the 1960s, this framework positioned hunting as the primary driver of human evolution, shaping tool development, social structures, and cognitive abilities. While recent findings, such as those at Schöningen (Germany), have reignited debates about early human hunting capabilities, contemporary research emphasizes a more nuanced understanding of prehistoric life, including diverse subsistence strategies and social roles. The volume brings together contributions that explore various aspects of early human behavior, from hunting and butchery practices to fire use and gender roles, highlighting the complex interplay between biological and cultural evolution. This collection offers fresh perspectives on one of archaeology's most enduring theoretical frameworks.

Kůlna is one of the largest cave sites in eastern Europe and contains evidence of repeated occupations by Neanderthals and modern humans. The current analysis of faunal remains from one of the Middle Palaeolithic levels, the Taubachian (Level 11), presents a detailed insight into Neanderthal subsistence at Kůlna during the Eemian Interglacial and at the onset of the following glaciation. Due to the ideal location of the site on the boundary of a deep valley and uplands, Neanderthals were able to exploit fully a variety of local and regional habitats for game. Traces of butchery were recorded mainly on bones of horse, large bovines, red deer and giant deer, but also on remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, ibex/chamois, bear, beaver and roe deer. The fauna from Level 11 fits into a scenario of flexible Neanderthal hunting, in which groups of animals (horses, large bovines) would have been taken during communal hunts and the killing of other species (bear) would have necessitated different tactics, possibly the construction of traps (beaver). Important in the faunal assemblage is the presence of many retouchers and a few formal tools made of hard animal materials, demonstrating the close connection between the processing of animal carcasses for food and the use, manufacture and maintenance of lithic tools.