Refo500 Academic Studies (R5AS)

Als Schüler Luthers und Melanchthons wird Joachim Westphal 1541 Pastor in Hamburg. In der innerevangelischen Kontroverse über das Abendmahl ergreift er das Wort gegen Johannes Calvin. Seither zeichnet die Forschung ein einseitiges Porträt von ihm als „streitbarem und unversöhnlichem Gnesiolutheraner“. Bisher unberücksichtigte Schriften, Predigten und Briefe liefern jedoch ein nuancierteres Bild von Westphal. Nach Einführung des Interims 1548 nimmt er eine eigenwillige Position im neu entbrannten Konfessionalisierungsprozess ein. Er ringt mit dem Vermächtnis Luthers, transformiert dessen Lehren und grenzt sich angesichts aktueller, neu aufbrechender Diskurse ab. Nähe und Distanz, Orientierung und Abgrenzung vor allem zu Melanchthon beschreiben Westphals Ringen um ein eigenes theologisches Profil. Die vorliegende Studie skizziert seinen Weg bis zum Bruch mit Melanchthon in Worms 1557 und präsentiert Westphal in einem bisher unbekannten Licht.

Silvio Reichelts Arbeit untersucht den in Wittenberg gepflegten Umgang mit dem reformationsgeschichtlichen Erbe der Stadt unter den Bedingungen von fünf verschiedenen politischen Systemen. Die analytische Tiefenbohrung im »historisch langen Bogen« von 1883 bis 2011 zeigt, wie der Erlebnisraum Lutherstadt Wittenberg als historischer Raum des Wissens, politischer Raum der Ideologie und sakraler Raum des Glaubens Erinnerung leiten, kanalisieren und kodieren konnte. Deutlich wird dabei, dass historische Erinnerung die Vergangenheit nicht einfach rekonstruiert, sondern sich vielmehr als permanenter Überschreibungsprozess charakterisieren lässt. Bewohner und Besucher machen sich mittels Erinnerung ein »Bild« von der Vergangenheit, ein Prozess, der stets an den Raum gebunden ist. Deshalb ist die Geschichte der in Wittenberg betriebenen Reformationserinnerung nicht nur eine des Schutzes und der Erhaltung eines historischen Stadtraums, sondern sie ist auch eine Folge von räumlichen Operationen, die der Formierung eines gewünschten Vorstellungshorizonts dienten. Wittenberg war seit dem 19. Jahrhundert einem ständigen Formenwandel unterworfen, der sich zwischen den Polen Authentizitätsanspruch, Geschichtswert und Vergegenwärtigungszweck bewegt hat. Dieser Prozess war mit einer grundsätzlichen Bedeutungsverschiebung der Reformation verbunden: Während ihre sinnstiftende Bedeutung als religiöses Moment tendenziell schwand, nahm ihre erlebnisorientierte Wahrnehmung als beschauliches historisches Ambiente zu. Reichelts historischer Rückblick liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse für die gegenwärtig praktizierte Reformationserinnerung. Dies gilt sowohl für den Umgang mit den materiellen Zeugnissen der Vergangenheit als auch für die Kommemoration im Fest und die Ausgestaltung des Luthertourismus.

At the occasion of the 450th anniversary of the Heidelberg Catechism, an international conference on the spirituality of the Heidelberg Catechism was held at the Theological University Apeldoorn, 21-22 June 2013. This publication offers the plenary papers presented, and a selection of the short papers. While the papers center on the Catechism's spirituality, a wide range of topics is covered, from both historical and theological perspectives. These topics include: the roles of Ursinus and Olevianus, controverse theologians, anabaptist spirituality, comparisons with Calvin's Genevan Catechism and the later Synopsis of Purer Theology. Also, the distinct spirituality of faith, regeneration, the trinity, the law and prayer in the Heidelberg Catechism are scrutinized, besides the idea of mystical union and the art of dying and living. Three contributions reflect on the controversy on the Eucharist which has stamped the Heidelberg Catechism. From a practical-theological perspective, the preaching and teaching of the Catechism are discussed, as well as the mode of gospel presentation and the permanent character of catechetical instruction. So, this volume offers a broad range of scholarly perspectives on the Catechism. Its spirituality is famous for the first question and answer, on the only comfort in life and death: That I am not my own, but belong – body and soul, in life and in death – to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ.""

Die Wirkung Martin Luthers auf den Calvinismus war enorm. In diesem Band dokumentieren namhafte Autoren auf dem Gebiet der Lutherforschung und der reformierten Theologie die internationale Forschung zur Rezeption Martin Luthers im Calvinismus. Umfassend analysieren sie das Bild Luthers in unterschiedlichen calvinistischen Kontexten. Als Experten gelingt es ihnen, die zentralen Zusammenhänge zwischen lutherischem und calvinistischem Denken nachvollziehbar und präzise aufzuzeigen. Mit ihrem nachdrücklichen Hinweis auf die immense Wirkung Luthers auf den Calvinismus leisten sie insgesamt einen Meilenstein auf dem Weg zur Erforschung der Bedeutung Martin Luthers für die Geistesgeschichte Europas.

The Synod of Dort was an international conference of Reformed leaders held in 1618–1619 in the Netherlands. It is famous for its so-called Five Points of Calvinism which were a refutation of the Five Remonstrances of the followers of Arminius on the nature of divine grace and the perseverance of believers unto eternal salvation. As an international Synod, Dort made a significant impact on the definition and development of Reformed orthodoxy for decades and centuries to come. In countries such as France, the Canons of Dort served as a confessional boundary for Reformed orthodoxy and all pastors had to swear allegiance to them. Despite its tremendous influence, the decisions of the Synod of Dort remain a mystery to many today and are subject to caricatures and stereotypes of an extreme divine determinism and the hijacking of Calvin’s pure theology. This volume seeks to shed light on various aspects of the Synod of Dort in order to inform the contemporary reader of its proper historical and theological context and its experiential emphases. Some leading scholars of post-Reformation Reformed thought and the Synod have contributed essays to this work.



The book is divided into three major sections designed to deliver a better overall perspective on the Synod. The first section focuses on the reception of the Canons of Dort among the Reformed churches in France where they were accepted and enforced. However, there were some internal questions, concerns, and even objections to the canons which are detailed in these chapters. The second section hones in on the theology of the Canons of Dort with particular attention to the doctrines of election and the nature of the atonement. This section also includes an important chapter on the relationship between church and state, always a central concern in the Reformation and post-Reformation eras. Finally, the third major section looks at how believers could apply the theology to their daily lives and devotion to Christ. These chapters indicate that this was not merely a theological conference, but one that had practical and experiential implications as well. The book concludes with a chapter on the application of the Synod for believers today.

The content of the book reconsiders the relation between visibility and transcendence. The focus is especially on the contribution to this issue from the theological tradition in protestant Europe between the 16th and the 21st Centuries. In the book a thematically broad field is covered embracing more than five centuries and a plurality of methods drawn from theology, philosophy, and the history and theory of art.The book is divided into five sub-themes: In the first and more fundamental part, 'The phenomenology of in-visibility', questions underlying the other four themes are sought defined or narrowed down. Here the modes of appearing/revealing or hiding of phenomena are reflected. In the second section of the book dealing with 'Language as a mode of revealing and hiding' the specific role of verbal expressions understood in a very broad sense is at the core: What is the fundamental understanding and use of language, when speaking of the ineffable? The third section about 'Human existence between visibility and invisibility' focuses on theological anthropology: its features and norms. The ambiguity of anthropological categories such as faith, rationality, imagination, memory and emotion play a prominent role in this context.Thefourth section concerning 'The manifestation of a 'beyond' in the arts' investigates transcendence in the arts. What are the theological discourses behind the religious uses of the different artistic media (i.e. images, music, liturgical inventory, architecture)? Finally in the fifth section concerning 'Visible community and invisible transcendence' one finds contributions working with the idea of 'vicarious representation'.

Der vorliegende Sammelband bietet neun Beiträge, die sich mit der Buchgeschichte des Schwedischen Reiches in der Frühen Neuzeit auseinandersetzen. Während dieser Periode, d. h. seit dem Ende der Kalmarer Union, umfasste das schwedische Reichsgebiet hauptsächlich die schwedischen und finnischen Territorien zu beiden Seiten des bottnischen Meerbusens. Dies findet in dem Sammelband seinen Niederschlag darin, dass ein Drittel der Beiträge sich mit der Buchgeschichte im finnischen Reichsteil beschäftigen.

Der Begriff der Buchgeschichte ist dabei verhältnismäßig breit und interdisziplinär gefasst. Den Herausgebern ging es nicht nur um das Buch als Objekt an sich oder deskriptive Sammlungsbeschreibungen, um rein numerische Quantifikationen erhaltener Objekte oder die Zusammenstellung bibliographischer Angaben. Vielmehr inkludiert eine offenere Definition des Begriffes ”Buchgeschichte” auch gerade eine tiefschürfende Beschäftigung mit einzelnen Textsorten sowie mit den dort verhandelten Inhalten und Diskursen. Aus diesem Grund widmen sich einige Beiträge ausdrücklich verschiedener Textsorten, u.a. der Geschichte des schwedischen Gesangbuches im 16. Jahrhundert, dem schwedischen Schuldrama der Frühen Neuzeit oder neulateinischer Poesie; wieder andere sind einzelnen Personen gewidmet. Dennoch sind es auch in diesen Beiträgen eben nicht nur die geistigen, theologischen, politischen oder aber auch staatstheoretischen Diskurse, die den einzigen Grund der jeweiligen Untersuchung ausmachen, sondern eben auch ”buchhistorische” Fragen wie z. B. die hohen archivalischen Verluste, Nachdrucke, Neuausgaben o. ä., die als Teil der jeweiligen Studien tatsächlich zu einem umfassenderen Gesamtbild beitragen.

The present volume aims at a clarification and a discussion of the church in the 16th century: What did the reformers think about the essence and origin of the holy, apostolic and Catholic church? What was seen as the aim of it, its task and mission? Can human beings see the true church or not? Does it have one existence in this world and another in the world to come? Furthermore, the concept of church is indissolubly connected to the theological concepts of sin, faith, justification, sanctification, and salvation, and the study of the church also involves reflection upon the nature and scope of the sacraments, the role of the clergy, the aim of church-buildings, the significance of church properties and upon the constituent parts of the mass/church service. Finally, and not least, it is important to investigate the role of the church in the societies of the 16th century, such as the impact of the ruling powers upon them, their significance for education and social cohesion, and the cultural significance of migrating believers, on the run within and beyond the borders of Europe. Together with theological, philosophical and art-historical questions, these issues are considered in order to create a much fuller picture of the church at the time of the Reformation.

Closely entwined with the educational revolution of early modernity, the Reformation transformed the pedagogical landscape and culture of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Embracing a broad understanding of the Reformation this volume examines the confessional dynamics which shaped the educational transformations of early modernity, including Calvinists, Lutherans, Anabaptists and Roman Catholics in its scope. Going beyond conventional emphases on the role of the printing press and theological education of clergy in university settings, it also explores the education of laity in academies, schools and the home in all manner of topics including theology, history, natural philosophy and ethics. More well-known figures like John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon are examined alongside less-well known but important figures like Caspar Coolhaes and Lukas Osiander. Likewise, more prominent centres of reform including Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands are considered together with often overlooked locations like the Czech Republic and Denmark.

The European reformations meant major changes in theology, religion, and everyday life. Some changes were immediate and visible in a number of countries: monasteries were dissolved, new liturgies were introduced, and married pastors were ordained, others were more hidden. Theologically, as well as practically the position of the church in the society changed dramatically, but differently according to confession and political differences.
This volume addresses the question of how the theological, liturgical, and organizational changes changes brought by the reformation within different confessional cultures throughout Europe influenced the everyday life of ordinary people within the church and within society.
The different contributions in the book ask how lived religion, space, and everyday life were formed in the aftermath of the reformation, and how we can trace changes in material culture, in emotions, in social structures, in culture, which may be linked to the reformation and the development of confessional cultures.

Today, wellbeing is high on the personal and societal agenda, but thinking about wellbeing certainly is not a new phenomenon. The Greek philosopher Aristotle, for example, came up with the concept of Eudaimonia – the contented state of feeling healthy, happy, and prosperous – and this concept has been influential up until today. Starting from Augustine’s thoughts on the topic of wellbeing, which had a great influence on theologians and others in the Early Modern Era, the contributions in this book reflect on a variety of topics ranging from wellbeing for the soul and the body to broader related concepts and theories approaching the theme from such disciplines as music, literature, history and theology.

How to translate and apply the complex concept encapsulated in words like saint, martyr and hero in a global space? This volume is devoted to the study of some of the transformations of the broad concept of sanctity and its exportation and adaptation in and outside Europe, through a series of case studies focusing on gender, popular and learned culture.
The collected essays weave together the institutional regulations, starting with the papal rules and with particular attention to the space of the Iberian world, the adaptation of sanctity in Europe to different political and cultural contexts, and its diffusion through the Catholic missions in America and Asia.