Springer Proceedings in Physics

This book presents peer-reviewed articles from the International Conference on Future Prospects in Neutrino and Astroparticle Physics (ICFPNAP 2024), held on Jan 23–24 at Assam Don Bosco University, Assam, India. It highlights recent breakthroughs in neutrino and astroparticle physics as well as its future prospects. Neutrino physics is currently one of the most fascinating fields of study, and it is expected that future generations of long and short-baseline neutrino experiments will be able to resolve many important issues such as CP violation, neutrino mass hierarchy, octant degeneracy, the existence of sterile neutrinos, and so on. The discovery of neutrino oscillations has already shown that neutrinos are massive and that we must look beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Many well-motivated BSM frameworks exist to explain the nonzero but tiny neutrino mass, such as the seesaw mechanism, which involves the addition of heavy fermions in the theory. The detection of a lepton number violating process in neutrinoless double beta decay experiments could be a probe for Majorana neutrinos, as anticipated by the seesaw mechanism. This book emphasizes neutrino physics in general, as well as its connections to dark matter, astrophysics, and cosmology.

This book highlights reviews, perspectives, and original research that contribute to the advanced interdisciplinary studies of theories, technologies, and strategies on THz sensing, biophysics, communications, and bio-effect research. The terahertz (THz) frequency covers a spectrum important for applications such as body security, non-destructive matter sensing, bio-imaging, and bio-medicine. It overlaps with the characteristic fingerprints of molecular vibrations and rotations (e.g., proteins and DNA) and thus could resonantly interact with various bio-matters. The 2021 Nobel Prize in medicine was granted for the discovery of ion channels of temperature and pressure sensing. The frequency of THz makes it absorbable for bio-effect and modulation of bio-molecules, especially for ion channels. Besides, the high-speed modulation in terahertz is a holy grail for integrated photonics in high-capacity computations. This topic has raised widespread interest in fundamental science and applications for THz. The proceedings are suitable for researchers and students interested in interdisciplinary research at the intersection of electromagnetics, physics, and life sciences.

This book presents peer-reviewed articles and highlights successful examples of integrating science and mathematics for future global initiatives from the 9th International Conference on the Applications of Science and Mathematics (SCIEMATHIC 2024), held in Malaysia. It provides knowledge exchange between experts in the fields of science and mathematics that promotes harmony and holistic understanding for future generations. Topics included in this proceeding are mathematics and statistics, physics, chemistry, engineering sciences, and artificial intelligence.

Written by the leading experts in the field, this book results from Vortex Workshop 2023 which took place in San Diego, the USA, on December 11–13.

Vortex is ubiquitous in the universe such as tornado, hurricane, airplane tip vortex, and even star vortex in Galaxy. Vortices are also building blocks, muscles, and sinews of turbulent flows. A vortex is intuitively recognized as a rotational/swirling motion of fluids but until recently had no rigidly mathematical definition. In 1858, Helmholtz first defined vortex as composed of so-called vortex filaments, which are infinitesimal vorticity tubes, which is called as the first generation of vortex definition and identification, or G1. Although G1 has been accepted by the fluid dynamics community and almost all textbooks for over a century, we can find many immediate counterexamples, for example, in the laminar boundary layer, where the vorticity (shear) is very large near the wall, but not rotation (no vortex) exists. To solve these contradictions, many vortex criteria methods have been developed during the past 4 decades. More popular methods are represented by the Q, ∆, criteria methods. These methods have achieved part of success in vortex identification, which are called the second generation of vortex identification or G2. However, G2 has several critical drawbacks. First, they are all scalars which have no rotation axis directions, but vortex is a vector. It is hard or impossible to use a scalar to represent a vector. Second, like vorticity, these criteria methods are all contaminated by shear in different degrees. Third, they are all very sensitive on threshold selections. The recently developed Liutex is called the third generation of vortex definition and identification, or G3, which is a uniquely defined vector.