History

This book focuses on the history of the provision of legal aid and legal assistance to the poor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in eight different countries. It is the first such book to bring together historical work on legal aid in a comparative perspective, and allows readers to analogise and contrast historical narratives about free legal aid across countries. Legal aid developed as a result of industrialisation, urbanization, immigration, the rise of philanthropy, and what were viewed as new legal problems. Closely related, was the growing professionalisation of lawyers and the question of what duties lawyers owed society to perform free work. Yet, legal aid providers in many countries included lay women and men, leading at times to tensions with the bar. Furthermore, legal aid often became deeply politicized, creating dramatic conflicts concerning the rights of the poor to have equal access to justice.

This textbook explores the mystery of human origins in the Arabian Peninsula, the lost Southern Crescent where humanity took its first steps toward civilization. Under Arabia’s surface of sand and stone lies a primordial realm of rolling grasslands, freshwater lakes, and river floodplains. This book aims to restore a critical missing chapter in the prehistory of our species that played out in this forgotten place of plenty.

The author has carried out more than twenty years of fieldwork in Yemen and Oman, weaving his research together  into an unorthodox tapestry of archaeology, environmental science, genetics, and Middle Eastern mythology. This volume peers beneath Arabia’s abandoned deserts, revealing a land that once served as a bridge between prehistoric worlds. This textbook is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students as well as all readers who are interested in learning about Arabian prehistory.

This edited collection examines church-state relations in the European colonies in Africa during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The chapters focus on the period stretching from the most agitated stages of the ‘scramble for Africa’ during the 1870s and 1880s, to the great wave of independence of African colonies in the 1950s and 60s, and culminates in a discussion of colonial legacies during its aftermath. The Church and the State, although often having conflicting goals and agendas, walked hand-in-hand throughout the entire colonial period, with ‘imperialism of the spirit’ being inconceivable without the groundwork of Catholic missionaries.  Exploring the major domains that determined the course of church-state relations in the colonies, the authors analyse relations between the Holy See and the colonial powers, and between national Catholic authorities and secular authorities, as well as the international order and socio-political developments in the metropoles.They argue that interactions between state and church in Africa’s European colonies were contingent upon the complex dynamics of interests that both secular and ecclesiastical entities endeavoured to preserve or promote. With a particular focus on the Belgian and Portuguese colonies in Africa, this book provides useful reading for scholars of European imperial history and ecclesiastical history. 

This book explores the uses of the past in foreign policy-making. It outlines why and how political leaders refer to historical events in contemporary foreign policy discourses; the goals they hope to achieve; and the sometimes unintended foreign policy consequences of their (ab)use of historical memory. Furthermore, it looks at how political leaders shape domestic collective memories in pursuit of their international agendas, and highlight historical events leaders forget, reinterpret or obscure through selective narratives.

The collection originated in the section entitled ‘Exploring the Link between Historical Memory and Foreign Policy’ at the annual Pan-European Conference of the European International Studies Association (EISA) 2018 held in Prague, the Czech Republic.

This book explores the central role that gender has historically played in violent far-right movements and groups, in a time of increasing political polarisation and rising extremism. The author examines the way neo-Nazis and white supremacists have constructed gender, and how this has impacted on the practical role of men and women on the global extreme right between 1969 and 2009, giving valuable insight into the inner workings of the extremist fringe today. In the context of rising violent ultra-nationalism in the UK, Eastern Europe, the USA, India and Russia, this transnational history of racist extremist movements offers a very necessary glimpse into the intimate, personal politics of organised hate, and into the ideological and organisational roots of our current moment. 

In order to fully understand the extreme right, it is essential to develop an awareness of the deep social foundations that underlie it. By exposing the gendered basis of racist extremism in theUSA and UK, this book makes a necessary intervention in the field of far-right studies, shedding new light on the shadowy corners of the political spectrum and ultimately opening new avenues for countering hate on the personal, political and academic level. The book seeks to explain the intricate relationship between organised racist extremism and ideological misogyny, and explores the fundamental contradictions and inconsistencies that underlie women’s far-right activism. Offering historical context to the current social and political moment in which white supremacist and far-right terror presents an immediate threat to security and stability in both the USA and the UK, this book provides useful insights for those researching the history of fascism and the far-right, violent social movements and political activism, as well as women’s history and gender studies.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, thousands of pupils attended boarding schools in various places across the globe. Their experiences were vastly different, yet they all had in common that they were separated from their families and childhood friends for a period of time in order to sleep, eat, learn and move within the limited spatial sites of the boarding school. This book frames these ‘boarding schools’ as a global and transcultural phenomenon that is part of larger political and social developments of European imperialism, the Cold War, and independence movements. Drawing together case studies from colonial South Africa, colonial India, Dutch Indonesia, early twentieth-century Nigeria, Fascist Spain, Ghana, Nazi Germany, nineteenth-century Ireland, North America and the Soviet Union, this edited collection examines the ways in which boarding schools extracted pupils from their original social background in order to train, mold and shape them so that they could fit intothe perceived position in broader society. The book makes the broader argument that framing boarding schools as a global phenomenon is imperative for a deepened understanding of the global and transnational networks that linked people as well as ideas and practices of education and childhood in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.   

This book traces the origins, life and death of Administrative Science in Italy as an academic discipline between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It does so by combining the study of ideas, institutional history, intellectual history and social history. The Faculty of Law first introduced Administrative Science in 1875, with the aim of providing the elite with the necessary tools to distribute wealth more equally, to take care of the population and, thus, to make the young Italian State more legitimate in the eyes of the emerging masses. Law and social sciences were merged with the aim of increasing reforms, including that of creating a State of Happiness for all citizens. Throughout its 70-year existence, Administrative Science was deprived of its contents and scientific independence, and academically overshadowed by Administrative and Public law. Finally, although the liberal elites discarded the reformer project of Administrative Science even before Fascism turned everything upside down, most of the original traits of this knowledge were absorbed into Fascist corporate and totalitarian structures.

This Handbook addresses the role of women in communism as a global, social and political movement for the first time, exploring their lives, forms of activism, political strategies and transnational networks. Comprising twenty-five chapters, based on new and primary research, the book presents the lives of self-identified communist women from a truly international perspective and outlines their struggles against fascism and colonialism, and for women’s emancipation and national liberation. By using the lens of transnational political biography, the chapters capture the broader picture of these women’s lives, unpacking the links between the so-called public and private, the power structures and inequalities of their societies, the formal networks and politics in which they were involved, and the informal connections and friendships that supported their activism both at the national and international level. Challenging androcentric and Eurocentric narratives about communism, this Handbook reveals the active and significant roles of women in nineteenth- and twentieth-century communist movements and regimes, and highlights the importance of communist women in shaping the agenda for women’s rights worldwide.

This Palgrave Pivot examines the history of the largely urban offence once known as vitriol throwing because the substance most commonly used was strong sulphuric acid, oil of vitriol. A relatively rare form of assault, it was motivated largely by revenge or jealousy and, because it was specifically designed to blind and mutilate, commonly targeted the victim’s face. The incidence of what was thus widely acknowledged to be an exceptionally cruel crime plateaued in the period 1850–1930 amid a sometimes surprisingly lenient legal response, before declining as a result of post-war social changes. In examining the factors that influenced both the crime and its punishment, the book makes an important contribution to criminal justice history by illuminating the role of gender, law and emotion from the perspective of both victim and perpetrator.

This book tackles the difficult challenge of uncovering the pathogenic cause, epidemiological mechanics and broader historical impacts of an extremely deadly third-century ancient Roman pandemic. The core of this research is embodied in a novel systems synthesis methodology that allows for ground-breaking historical-scientific problem-solving. Through precise historical and scientific problem-solving, analysis and modelling, the authors piece together a holistic puzzle portrait of an ancient plague that is fully consistent, in turn, with both the surviving ancient evidence and the latest in cutting edge twenty-first-century modern medical and molecular phylogenetic science. Demonstrating the broader relevance of the crisis-beset world of the third-century Roman Empire in providing guiding and cautionary historical lessons for the present, this innovative book provides fascinating insights for students and scholars across a range of disciplines.

This volume presents a subfield overview on current research, trends, and commentary on the state of aeronautical archaeology and its development, through selections from a session on aviation archaeology at the 2020 Society for Historical Archaeology Conference. It serves to highlight those practices and projects that take strides towards standard methodologies in aeronautical archaeology. This book involves the study of aircraft crash sites, airfields, battlefields, and buildings or structures related to aviation. High profile sites and topics in this book include Lake Mead’s B-29 Superfortress, Tuskegee Airmen in Michigan, and patterns of preservation in WWII aircraft and their importance.

This book focuses on the rise of Kurdish nationalism in northwestern Iran in the context of the emergence of the Kurdish leader, Ismail Agha Simko, who organized a movement to establish a Kurdish state between 1918 and 1922 The rise of Simko is analyzed in the historical framework of the collapse of the Russian and Ottoman empires, as well as the disappearance of Iranian governmental authority in various provinces of the country during and after the end of the First World War. The book also investigates the impact of Iranian, Turkish, and Assyrian nationalisms on Simko and his movement. Drawing upon original documents, the author provides an in-depth analysis of the political, and socio-economic causes for the rise of proto-Kurdish nationalism in northwestern Iran during and after the Great War.

This book focuses on two commercial radio stations, Radio Luxembourg and Europe n°1, which were popular institutions in Western Europe throughout the Long Sixties, working across media and broadcasting transnationally. It argues that the existence of an overarching ‘dispositif ’ of commercial radio stations enabled them to operate on various dimensions and differentiated them from other broadcasters. The book therefore answers current calls in media history to look beyond national and single-medium borders and contributes to the cultural and media history of Western Europe.

This is the first academic history of the FA England women’s national football team. Based on unprecedented access to FA data, it details the careers of the 227 women who debuted for England from 1972 to 2022. England won the UEFA Women’s Euros in 2022, and Jean worked with Sarina Wiegman and the squad, on the Legendary Lionesses from 1972.

Acts of terrorism and forms of counter-terrorism have been evolving for quite a long time. Although we have been living with these phenomena for centuries, they have only recently become part of the daily lives of many in the West since the dawn of the millennium. In some countries, they have become so prevalent that they shape the daily lives and habits of citizens. For these reasons, it is of utmost importance for all of us to understand the root causes, the drives and the motives behind terrorist activities, preferably even before they can materialize. In this challenge, counter-terrorism activities play a crucial role. In this book, contributors from various disciplines discuss terrorism and counter-terrorism on the African continent through case studies from Nigeria, Kenya, Cameroon, Ghana, or Mozambique and the Sahel region. In addition to analysis, they offer possible steps for improving the situation.

This book features all the women inducted in the first fifty years of the US National Inventors Hall of Fame. Each entry first provides a biography of the inductee and then goes on to describe one or more of their major inventions with descriptions that are accessible to those with little or no formal training in science. The evolution of the opportunities available to women in education and the professions becomes evident as the reader moves chronologically through biographies and inventions of the woman. Later inductees have received Nobel Prizes for their work and have become members of academies such as the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. Others have received the National Medal of Science or the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. As an important part of the Women in Science and Engineering book series, the work highlights the contributions of women inventors, inspiring women and men, and girls and boys, in a variety of scientific fields.

This book explores the social roots, character, and consequences of paramilitary violence in Europe in the 1940s. Paramilitarism had an impact on the lives of millions of Europeans, yet knowledge about this important topic is partial and fragmented.

The general perception of European paramilitary violence in the 1940s derives almost entirely from the resistance/collaboration paradigm. This dichotomous analytical framework makes a clear distinction between politically motivated violence and social violence, such as sexual, criminal, and structural violence. By contrast, in this book, Gareth Pritchard and Vesna Drapac recognise the mutual dependence of all kinds of violence. Their interpretative model, the Regimes of Violence paradigm, which takes account of the changing relationship between state, society, and organised violence, allows us to observe paramilitarism in the round. The Regimes of Violence framework reveals the interconnectedness of paramilitarism with other forms of violence during this period of unprecedented brutality.

Today, paramilitary violence is a global phenomenon. It has resulted in the undermining of the rule of law and the erosion of civil society in many different countries on different continents, while at the same time traumatising the countless numbers of innocent people who are caught in its crossfire. With their compelling and timely study, Pritchard and Drapac provide an historical context and present a novel approach for understanding why paramilitarism shows no sign of abating.

This is a revised critical edition of philosopher and scientist, Francesco Patrizi's manuscript, Il Delfino, overo del bacio (c.1555), with an English translation and commentary. Il Delfino, or ‘The Kiss’ survives in a single manuscript, compiled by an assistant and interspersed with autograph corrections by Patrizi himself. The only modern critical edition of the text, edited by Danilo Aguzzi Barbagli (1975), is known to contain many errors that prevent a correct understanding of the work. This book therefore fills this historiographical gap and at the same time provides a reliable text for further translations of Patrizi's work into other languages.

This book is a testament to the importance of historical institutional analysis for understanding the reform of Africa’s institutions. As an entry point, Raymond Atuguba examines the regulations of public order and alcohol by the police in Ghana, outlining an interplay of changing ideological and interest formations on the one hand and changing institutional forms on the other. The study reveals not only new forms of oppressive institutional orderings that descend from colonialism; but also new institutional forms that produce possibilities and countervailing technologies of power, capable of meeting and assailing the ways in which the power of post-modern colonialism mobilizes itself.

In sum, this book explores the themes of institutional continuities, hegemonic practices, and institutional reform. It discusses how the British political, economic and legal infrastructure penetrated and disrupted pre-existing regulation of public order and alcohol that was conducive to a particular political economy and various social practices. It emphasizes the enduring character of the new institutions created around public order and alcohol, and how they crystallized at independence and were perpetuated in the post-independence era.

This SpringerBrief examines emotions in the past through contemporary archaeological materials. The author explores this topic using the context of a former working-class neighbourhood in northern Finland that existed during the Cold War era (1947-1987). Finland offers an interesting context to examine this because of the twofold emotional frames; the Cold War and capitalism versus the nascent welfare state. The push and pull between the values emphasizing universal care and compassion against the hardline militarisation and financial competition results in accessing different and, sometimes, contradictory emotions. It also affords a gendered view into the past and such an angle could be attempted in the context of the deep past as well. 

This book offers several examples on how emotions could be accessed in the deep past and draws parallels between the examples from a contemporary 'western' country and various archaeological cultures and contexts. Emotions can be a bridge to access the secrets of human behavior. Such bridging is the core strength of archaeological education, but rarely are emotions acknowledged in the process. Lastly, this book underlines the role of emotions, specifically empathy, in archaeological education and in destabilizing contemporary political notions on social norms and contracts.

This book presents alternative histories of the colonial prison in Bengal, 1860-1945, focusing on the experiences of the colonised subject as produced in literary writings including fiction, dramas, and life writings. The colonial prison, as defined by penal acts, jail codes, jail manuals, committee reports, administrative data, and statistics, was a modern punitive institution that evolved from the religio-local and the Company’s capricious system into an effective humanitarian machine for ‘the rule of law.’ However, it was the site of torture, humiliation, and repression, which was subsequently challenged, defied, and resisted. The book establishes a comprehensive linkage between the macro historical and the micro historical perspective of the colonial prison exploring its changing image in Bengali society, its extended contribution to the formation of individual and collective identity, intricate tempo-spatial regulations within jails, and various techniques of corporeal and mental torture. The book also highlights resistance tactics of the prisoners, both ordinary and political, and finally it addresses the gendered dynamics and the gender-specific modalities of resistance and subversion.

This book is an in-depth study of the influence of evangelical Nonconformity on the evolving journalism of W. T. Stead, one of the leading British newspaper editors of the late-nineteenth century. While Stead’s Christian beliefs have been examined alongside and complementary to his journalism, no long study has yet interrogated the way in which Protestant Dissent helped to shape the development of his press practice. This study explores the stimulating interconnections in Stead’s ‘New Journalism’ between late-nineteenth century evangelicalism, radical politics, and social reform, and the modes and formats of his writing.

This book provides the first major transatlantic history of Irish serving women, drawing on four years of archival research in Dublin, Belfast, New York, Boston, London and Liverpool. Domestic service was the largest source of employment for generations of women who left Ireland in the decades after the Great Famine. The perceived difficulty of managing Irish servants became a prominent feature of cultural discourse in the United States and England, where countless cartoons, editorials and literary works caricatured the figure of ‘Bridget’. Irish maids and cooks were a canvas on which to project fears not only about Irish politics and immigration but also changing class and gender roles.  Existing scholarship on the Irish experience of domestic service has typically focused on socio-economic conditions, but such approaches tend not to capture the complex ways in which Irish female immigrants were encountered both in private households and in wider society. Irish servants were framed through discourses that could involve nostalgia and guilt as well as amusement and disgust: more complex scripts, in general, than those used to describe Irish immigrant men. The period covered in the book allows for a diverse range of cultural sources – including romance novels and Hollywood films depicting working Irish women – to be examined, moving beyond the Victorian-era caricatures typically emphasised in earlier work on the Irish in domestic service.

This book makes Aram Andonian's The Great Crime available for English language readers. The Great Crime served as the first systematic documentation of the Armenian Genocide, introducing the memoir of an Ottoman bureaucrat that contained handwritten copies of approximately 52 Ottoman documents, including direct orders to kill Armenians. It therefore holds immense historical significance, as it provides irrefutable evidence of the Armenian Genocide using original Ottoman documents.

In 1983, the Turkish government published a book claiming that Andonian’s work was fraudulent by presenting three arguments: 1. That the Ottoman bureaucrat named did not exist; 2. A non-existent person cannot have a memoir and, if it exists, you must show the handwritten manuscripts; 3. The allegedly fake telegrams have 12 different reasons for their inauthenticity. Based on these, Andonian’s book and the official Ottoman documents it contained were discredited as a historical source. Taner Akçam's previous book with Palgrave Macmillan, Killing Orders, was a response to the Turkish government’s attempt to discredit Andonian’s book and documents, and rehabilitated their status as valuable materials in the study of the Armenian Genocide.

The Great Crime stands as an immortal testament to historical truth, and this version of it includes a detailed preface written by Akçam, incorporating his new findings and information that has come to light since the publication of Killing Orders, along with additional explanatory notes.

This book provides a general guide to stone-structures of the pre-colonial period called zimbabwes. This is a name which denotes their usage as prestige buildings and that a particular quality of masonry with frequent application of wall decoration patterns was required, which distinguishes them from many other stone structures of coarse workmanship. At least 300 sites are known within the borders of Zimbabwe alone, while a few more are found in Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique. However, recent findings have indicated that stone buildings in southern Angola of similar typology also carry decoration patterns that suggests a much wider distribution in the region than was previously thought.

The word Zimbabwe is of historical origin which has been customized to refer to a specific typology of stone walls and to distinguish them from the rest of low-grade buildings which number several hundred. In the 16^th century, it denoted royal and chiefly settlements built in stone and it was used figuratively to imply the presence there of such important political figures. In this guide, zimbabwe (lower case and in italics) refers to stone walls whereas when in upper case it refers either to Great Zimbabwe or Zimbabwe the modern country. 

This work is the first comprehensive volume to act as a guide to the archaeological stone wall structures. Zimbabwe sites are the only immovable cultural remains of substantial physical form that have been inherited from a pre-colonial past. In a post-colonial state, they are extremely valuable as tangible evidence of the historical continuity of indigenous populations with a pre-colonial past. Their history implies an inheritance for present and future generations and entrust ownership to the public. Religious activities connected with the sites imply not just vestigial importance, but embody cosmological values that bind people together. A descriptive inventory such as this guidebook serves two purposes, i.e. a heritage register to support conservation programmes and as a popular study guide to interest both local and international visitors.

This book reorients our understanding of the history of modern male homosexuality by focusing on Europe's 'internal Other': Italy. Spanning from the tail-end of the Grand Tour to the mid-fascist years, it argues that Italy was a time/space in which competing epistemologies of homosexuality confronted one another – precisely what characterizes 'modern' male same-sex love and attraction. Turning our understanding of the history of male homosexuality on its head, it proposes that Italy was not primitive, pre-modern, or under-developed but modern in a way that Europe and the US were not. It also highlights the frequently overlooked role working-class men and boys played in the so-called invention of modern male homosexuality. The new scientific epistemologies of sexuality; a pan-European Hellenic revival; a tradition of fostering male same-sex intimacies that cut across age, class, and nationality; Italy's lack of anti-sodomy legislation and specific place in the capitalist world system, including the late entry of bourgeois women into its public sphere; changing understandings of sexuality and gender that resulted from industrialization -- all combined to produce a same-sex sex tourism industry that juxtaposed competing understandings of male same-sex love. These epistemologies were inflected in complex and contradictory ways by issues of gender, class, ethnicity, locality, age and race, such differences not simply 'intersecting' but being constituted alongside one another – particularly given Italy’s ambiguous racial identity, somewhere 'between' the binaries of black and white. Adopting a queer Marxist approach that focuses on both capitalism's long durée and its combined and uneven development, rather than center a history of modern homosexuality on the white bourgeois men who visited Italy, this book seeks to glimpse the lives of their Italian lovers. To this end, it adopts an interdisciplinary approach that examines a wide archive including not only works of literature by privileged white bourgeois traveling gentlemen but also Italian sexology; same-sex sex scandals and their treatment in the Italian press; anthropological work on Italian homosexualities; travel diaries; and police records.

This volume contains 8 papers that have been collected by the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics (CSHPM). It showcases rigorously reviewed contemporary scholarship on an interesting variety of topics in the history and philosophy of mathematics.

Some of the topics explored include:

• A critical discussion of thought experiments invoking “Laplace’s demon” in the philosophy of science.
• An examination of the Hebrew-language Sefer ha-Mispar (Book of Number) by Elijah Mizrahi, a rabbi and mathematician from Constantinople.
• An examination of the work of Cambridge tutor and textbook author John Martin Frederick Wright (1792–1842) to explain some mathematical concepts from Newton’s Principia.
• The EvenQuads project developed by the Association for Women in Mathematics, which is aimed at creating vetted biographies of women mathematicians.
• A look at the history of the CSHPM at its 50th anniversary by considering its role in the consolidation and professionalization of the history of mathematics as a discipline.

Written by leading scholars in the field, these papers are accessible not only to mathematicians and students of the history and philosophy of mathematics, but also to anyone with a general interest in mathematics.

The rationale of this book is to provide carefully selected images from Google Earth, to discuss what they show, and to provide references to the heritage sites portrayed so that readers can go deeper if they wish. Taking examples from all over the world, this book aims to demonstrate their value for understanding heritage landscapes and for appreciating their aesthetics. It is organised around different types of landscape and the processes that created them, rather than regionally or on the basis of age. It includes a large number of archaeological sites that have been designated as UNESC0 World Heritage Sites. Google Earth has proved to be important for demonstrating some of the threats that major sites have been exposed to, including during recent wars in the Middle East.  The landscapes discussed are those of Water Management, Agricultural Management, War, Burial, Mines, Quarries and Salterns, Cities and Settlements, Tells, Theatres, Amphitheatres, and Hippodromes, Churches, Temples, Pagodas, and Mosques, and Geoglyphs.