Law and Criminology (R0)

This interdisciplinary volume critically explores how the ever-increasing use of automated systems is changing policing, criminal justice systems, and military operations at the national and international level. The book examines the ways in which automated systems are beneficial to society, while addressing the risks they represent for human rights.

This book starts with a historical overview of how different types of knowledge have transformed crime control and the security domain, comparing those epistemological shifts with the current shift caused by knowledge produced with high-tech information technology tools such as big data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The first part explores the use of automated systems, such as predictive policing and platform policing, in law enforcement. The second part analyzes the use of automated systems, such as algorithms used in sentencing and parole decisions, in courts of law. The third part examines the useand misuse of automated systems for surveillance and social control. The fourth part discusses the use of lethal (semi)autonomous weapons systems in armed conflicts.

– Emmanuel Onyeozili, Ph.D., Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA

“This edited volume by an array of experts from West and Southern Africa has given a refreshing voice to psycho-criminological narratives in the continent. In a region of the world in which there is insufficient documentation of the patterns, determinants and outcomes of criminal behaviour, this book offers a culturally competent and contemporary flavour to an ancient discourse. Its focus on new areas of concern such as online dating scams, kidnapping and the mental health of officials in the criminal justice system compellingly captures the potential reader and gives good value for time. It is warmly recommended for its breadth of coverage, the authority of its claims and the multi-disciplinary outlook of its authors.”

– Adegboyega Ogunwale, MBBS, FWACP, Consultant Psychiatrist, Forensic Unit, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Ogun State, Nigeria 

– Justice Tankebe, Ph.D., Lecturer, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK 

“Mental health and criminal justice issues are growing problems facing the world today. Questions about whether mental health affects crime or whether involvementin the criminal justice system affects an individual’s health have become part of national policy discussion. This nicely written book brings together eminent scholars and experts with extensive experience in their various fields to address these and other questions related to crime, mental health, and criminal justice in Africa. The editors did well to coordinate the efforts of the contributors into a valuable pierce. I highly recommend it for all who are interested in the nexus between crime, mental health, and criminal justice systems.”

– Francis D. Boateng, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, USA

This volume presents a collection of essays from experienced crime analysts from around the world. It explores themes relevant to anyone embarking on, or already into a career in crime analysis.

Divided into two sections, this book addresses technical issues central to the profession, from collection of data to presenting findings to reluctant audiences. It incorporates a collection of methodological case studies, demonstrating the ways analysis has made a meaningful difference to policing and security.

This book presents several case studies where fraud examiners reviewed the legal license, while the social license was ignored, distinguishing between punishment from violations of the legal license and punishment from violations of the social license to operate. This volume is ideal for crime analysts and scholars of corporate and white-collar crime.

This book offers an in-depth analysis of the relationship between EU citizenship, the European arrest warrant (EAW), and the legality principle. It focuses on the role of the EAW in relation to two foreseeability problems with which EU citizens – especially those who exercise free movement rights – could be confronted. These problems concern the foreseeability of specific national criminal laws at the time of the offense on the one hand and forum decisions on the other. The first part of the book addresses the extent to which these foreseeability problems and the role of the EAW therein are viewed as legality problems at the EU level and in three national legal orders (the Netherlands, Germany, and England and Wales).

In turn, the second part of the book critically examines the current scope and content of the legality principle in light of the EU’s objective to offer its citizens an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) in which both safety and free movement are guaranteed. As EU citizens often encounter foreseeability problems when exercising their free movement rights, it is argued that they should be protected by a transnational framework of fundamental rights. The book subsequently makes recommendations for a transnational interpretation of the legality principle, one which fits the normative context of the AFSJ as described in Article 3(2) TEU. On the basis of the evolution of EU citizenship over time, the book also develops two EU citizenship narratives and explains how they could contribute to transnational fundamental rights protection and a solution to foreseeability problems. With regard to arriving at concrete solutions, the book offers recommendations for EU legislation that could adequately remedy foreseeability problems and the role of the EAW therein.

This book explores innovative and context-driven political and legal policy measures designed to expand the powers of the African Union (AU) in order to meaningfully drive the continental integration process. In this regard, the book addresses issues of context, political will, and innovative and inclusive approaches as essential elements that must be considered. 

Africa is currently experiencing one of the most critical phases of its integrative development. Since 2015, there have been increasing efforts to develop policies and practices that grant the AU broader powers to coordinate and create binding rules regarding the regional integration process. In other words, these processes seek to endow the AU with supranational powers like those exercised by the European Union, which, despite its internal problems, remains the most successful experiment in supranationalism in the world.

This has included the decision to finance the AU through a 0.2% tax on eligible imports into member states; the decision to reduce the number of AU Commission portfolios from eight to six; the adoption and entry into force of the much touted Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area; the adoption of the Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right to Residence and Right of Establishment; and the adoption of the AU Agenda 2063 policy framework in 2015. How these processes will change the direction of regional integration in Africa, the book argues, largely depends on the existence of quality-driven institutions.

This textbook provides an overview of the overlap between the criminal justice system and mental health for students of criminology and criminal justice. It provides an accessible overview of basic signs and symptoms of major mental illnesses and size of scope of justice-involved individuals with mental illness.

In the United States, the law enforcement and the criminal justice system is often the first public service to be in contact with individuals suffering from mental illness or in mental distress. Those with untreated mental illnesses are often at higher risk for committing criminal acts, and due to a lack of mental health facilities, resources, and pervasive misconceptions about this population, those with mental illness often end up in the corrections system. This timely work covers the roles of each part of the criminal justice system interacting with mentally ill individuals, from law enforcement and first responders, social services, public health services, sentencing and corrections, to release and re-entry. It also addresses the crucial need of mental healthcare for criminal justice professionals, who suffer from high rates of job stress, PTSD, and other mental health issues.

With new chapters on stigma, mental illness during and after disaster and crisis, and updates and new supplementary materials throughout, this book will be of interest to students of criminology and criminal justice, sociology, psychology, and public health. It will also be of interest to policy-makers and practitioners already working in the field, interacting with and addressing the needs of mentally ill individuals. 

This volume introduces innovative and inspired qualitative methods through topics on crime commission, victimisation and crime control. It highlights how qualitative methods offer significant insights that frame our understanding of the narratives, events, theoretical perspectives, and realities of the social world.

This volume is an essential read for graduate students and researchers in criminology and other social science disciplines interested in qualitative empirical research and informed policy making.

This book examines the ways that brothels are managed under decriminalisation in New Zealand. New Zealand decriminalised sex work in 2003 with the passage of the Prostitution Reform Act, making it the first country to do so. Decriminalisation situates brothels as ‘businesses like any other’ and creates a legislative platform for better working conditions for sex workers. Nevertheless, we have limited understanding of how brothels are managed in New Zealand. Drawing on interviews with brothel operators and sex workers, this book explores how the law is understood and implemented, how brothel operators position their businesses, and how they seek legitimacy in a historically stigmatised sector. It also examines the rules and norms by which operators manage their businesses and the possibilities for sex workers to consent to commercial sexual services in the context of neoliberal norms of work and of managers who expect them to be professionalised, responsibilised and productive.

This book uses popular films to understand the convergence of crime control and the ideology of repression in contemporary capitalism. It focuses on the cinematic figure of the fallen guardian, a protagonist who, in the course of a narrative, falls from grace and becomes an enemy of the established social order. The fallen guardian is a figure that allows for the analysis of a particular crime control measure through the perspective of both an enforcer and a target. The very notion of ‘justice’ is challenged, and questions are posed in relation to the role that films assume in the reproduction of policing as it is. In doing so, the book combines a historical far-reaching perspective with popular culture analysis. At the core remains the value of the cinematic figure of the fallen guardian for contemporary understandings of urban space and urban crime control and how films are clear examples of the ways in which the ideology of repression is reproduced.

This book questions thejustifications that are often given for social control in cities and understands cinema as a medium for offering critique of such processes and justifications. Explored are the crime control measures of private policing in relation to RoboCop (1987), preventative policing and Minority Report (2002), mass incarceration in The Dark Knight Rises (2012), and extra-judicial killing in Blade Runner 2049 (2017). The book speaks to those interested in crime control in critical criminology, cultural criminology, urban studies, and beyond.

This edited volume brings together the most recent research about various aspects of organized crime and the responses that have developed worldwide as a result to contain serious criminal acts. This book focuses particularly on the way criminal networking and illegal markets have developed during the first two decades of the 21st century. It examines how these developments have influenced the motivations and opportunities to commit organized crime. The volume not only focuses on illegal activities in illegal markets, such as drug and human trafficking, but also addresses organized crime and deviance in various legitimate industries. The contributions were presented at seminars of the Centre for Information and Research on Organized Crime (CIROC), and will be of particular interest to organized crime scholars and researchers, as well as advanced students of criminology across the world.

This open access book brings together insights into Pacific policing, conceptualising policing broadly as order maintenance involving the actions of multiple local, regional and international actors with sometimes competing and conflicting agendas. A complex and multifaceted endeavour, scholarship on this topic is relatively scarce and widely dispersed across diverse sources. It examines how Pacific policing is shaped by changing state-society relations in different national contexts and ongoing processes of globalisation. Particular attention is given to the plural character of Pacific policing, profound challenges of gender equity, changing dynamics of crime, and the prominence of transnational policing in resource and capacity constrained domestic environments. The authors draw on examples from across the Pacific islands to provide a nuanced and contextualised account of policing in this socially diverse and rapidly transforming region.

This book investigates perceptions against the people of north-east India, and why such prejudicial attitude exists. It subsequently quantifies and develops measures to counter such stereotypes and affiliated violence.

This research examines the north-east Indian population’s and the general Indian population’s understanding of hate crime against the north-eastern population in metropolitan cities of India, both in concept and in perpetration. Further, it evaluates the existing constitutional and statutory provisions in India to determine if the proposed legislation and provisions are sufficient with regards to hate crime against north-eastern people of India.

Drawing on empirical research addressing racial hate crimes in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune, this book’s case studies provide a qualitative dive to the problem and offer experiential analysis in order to curate preventive measures.

The phenomenon of child trafficking holds a unique position as an issue of significant contemporary relevance, occupying a principal place in debates about human rights today. The interchangeable terms trafficking and modern slavery evoke emotive responses and proclamations about abolition of contemporary ills, viewed as the ultimate aberration when a child is involved. The classification of children under legal frameworks marks them as different, as ‘other’, and in the context of laws implemented to address trafficking, slavery, and children on the move more generally, this distinction is complicated.

This book charts the emergence, decline and re-emergence of child trafficking law and policy during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the historical origins of child trafficking by utilising the wealth of information located within the non-digitised archives of the League of Nations. It focusses upon the Committee onthe Traffic in Women and Children to engage with League of Nations policy to provide an insightful and original contribution to the current body of literature. This is a book that seeks to critique the entanglements of children’s rights and colonialism in relation to the mobility and exploitation of children. It centralises the legacy of colonialism, the undercurrents of race, white supremacy, patriarchy, and their ongoing influence upon contemporary anti-trafficking legal and policy responses. Through utilizing what the author identifies as the ‘anti-trafficking machine’ as a theoretical framework, the book challenges contemporary law and policy responses to child trafficking. This theoretical framework has been adopted to illustrate a central hypothesis of the book – that the contemporary anti-trafficking agenda is both imperialist and a continuity of colonial attitudes.

We are currently engaged in an existential species war against nonhuman animals. This book argues that, during this war, nonhuman animals should be granted legal personhood and treated as ‘protected persons’ rather than the property of ‘protected persons.’ The main argument is that War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity – rape, forced pregnancy and other acts of sexual violence – are being committed within the meat, egg and dairy industries.

This book investigates how offenders of white-collar crime misuse legal loopholes in the courtroom. From powerful and corrupt alliances to a tough judicial battle, this volume looks at case studies from across the world to shed light on these matters and others, including:

•How legal systems work when offenders have deep roots and connections

•The courtroom proceedings and how offenders can manipulate the law

•Global case studies supporting recommendations for resolving these issues

The inside-look into the courtroom and accompanying critical analysis make this volume perfect for new graduate scholars, practitioners, and researchers working with perpetrators of white-collar crime.

This book develops an evolutionary theory of crime. Both evolutionary theory and neurocriminology are growing fields that are attracting more and more interest for criminologists and wider fields alike. This book summarises important readings that relate to retribution and punishment and presents some neurocriminological findings. In addition, the book introduces a new methodology for the study of crime: a game theory experiment adapted from the field of behavioural economics. Overall, the book synthesises the key crime literature, presents a new theory of crime in a new field of evolutionary criminology and the methodology to study it, and provides empirical results in support of the theory. For any evolutionary and neuroscientist interested in deviance, this book offers a new model which is testable using more complex methods such as MRI scanners and survival simulations.

The global energy economy is undergoing a profound transformation, yielding several pivotal objectives. Foremost among these is mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants. Another essential goal involves promoting more sustainable economies, thereby curbing material consumption and reducing our reliance on resource extraction. Further priorities include fostering energy security and economic resilience by reducing dependence on external energy sources. All these aims overlap in one common policy: accelerating the renewable energy capacity deployment. Complementing this paradigm shift is the complete electrification of economic activities and households, resulting in the need to incentivize green electricity generation.

In this context, this book undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the regulatory framework underpinning the advancement of green electricity. After reviewing the political and economic dimensions, it offers an exhaustive analysis of ongoing developments in four legal domains: The WTO, EU, Germany, and Turkey.

Furthermore, the book presents a legal analysis of the intricate interplay between the WTO and EU law coupled with the German and Turkish models. It focuses on the most topical and relevant issues, including the effect of the ongoing energy crisis on state aid for green electricity in the EU; WTO case law on local content requirement components of the promotion schemes; the intricate legal, economic, and political challenges that accompany Germany’s Energiewende and its phasing out of coal and nuclear energy; and Turkey’s regulatory endeavors to bolster its energy self-sufficiency strategy.

Following a thorough examination encompassing theoretical, regulatory, and comparative aspects, the book moves beyond the applicable legal framework to make concrete proposals on the future design of green electricity promotion in Germany and Turkey so as to facilitate a rapid but socially equitable energytransition by incentivizing economic efficiency.

Nigeria has become one of the hotbeds of cybercrime since the liberalization of the telecommunication industry began in 1996. The scale and magnitude have been quite disturbing, not just for Nigeria but also for the international community, given the limitless boundaries of cybercrime. Like any other type of fraud, Internet fraud is primarily driven by financial gains. 

This book investigates the extent of the lack of digital forensic resources in Nigeria’s financial crime agencies. It is vital to have a proper resource inventory and capabilities to successfully confront the growing threat of financial crimes. While a few studies have suggested the lack of forensic capabilities in Nigerian cybercrime investigative agencies and the justice system, none have examined this in great detail, particularly in relation to specific skills gaps and resources needed in Nigeria’s financial crime agencies. This book contributes to the growing body of knowledge and clarifies the scope of the lack of digital forensic resources. Understanding the extent of the deficiency and its impact on caseloads could be crucial for developing a roadmap toward building forensic readiness and capability maturity for the agencies. This book presents the deficiencies in forensic readiness and recommends measures to fill this gap. 

This book also examines the specifics of the cybercrime caseloads and conviction records in Nigeria, identifying trends and patterns. The book explores other cybercrime complexities in Nigeria, such as common cybercrime taxonomies, prosecution, and conviction dynamics, juxtaposing it with select case studies in other jurisdictions.

This book is the first to examine trauma-informed criminal justice responses to the commission of crime and its impact through empathy and humanity. Trauma-informed criminal justice uses compassion to achieve a safer community for everyone.

There are three parts: the first examines how adversity, trauma and crime are related. The second focuses on trauma-informed criminal justice responses to people who have offended, victims of crime, and professionals at risk of vicarious trauma. The third focuses on trauma-informed sentencing and compassionate justice through therapeutic jurisprudence and judicial empathy. Each chapter is designed to be a stand-alone resource.

This open access book contributes to ongoing discussions about how societies should respond to children who have experienced violence and abuse by delving into the Barnahus model: a multidisciplinary and co-located model whose aim is to provide both justice and recovery to victimised children. The promising model was first implemented in the Nordic region and is currently being diffused across Europe, although scientific knowledge about the model remains scarce: the Barnahus model’s potential for delivering holistic services, the various tensions and dilemmas involved in the model, and how dual mandate of Barnahus can be managed all require further research. Continuing from the volume Collaborating Against Child Abuse (2017) which examined the process of Barnahus’ diffusion in the Nordic countries, the current book digs deeper into the intrinsic institutional tensions of the model, as well as those that might arise during collaboration, in order to advance our understanding of what can be achieved through the model and thus improve the situation of child victims of violence and abuse. An institutional perspective is used in the book which is structured in four parts. The first three parts explore different types of institutional tensions –legal, organisational, and professional-ethical, while the fourth focuses on how these tensions may be balanced. The book’s authors chart this new phase in the diffusion and translation of the Barnahus model. Their analyses will provide valuable guidance to countries that are currently considering or are already implementing the model.

This accessible, short book provides scientifically informed guidance on effective wholistic place management strategies for preventing crime. It integrates theoretical perspectives and practical examples of crime prevention methods that can be readily implemented by responsible stakeholders. It covers locations including town centers, shopping malls, parks, beaches, transit hubs, campuses, stadiums and entertainment precincts, where security programs sometimes attract criticism regarding the exclusion or persecution of marginalized groups. This book advocates for overlapping forms of crime prevention and social support that address the need to make large improvements in safety in public places while supporting marginalized and vulnerable groups. Readers are exposed to a wide range of successful case studies as well as the central role of a systematic problem-solving methodology. It speaks to crime prevention and social services professionals, academics, and students, as well as interested members of the public.

Evidence Based Policing (EBP) exerts significant influence on how actors think, act and speak about UK policing to the point that it is becoming institutionalised. Inspired by the insights of Michel Foucault into power-knowledge, governmentality and institutional reform over time, this book provides a comprehensive account of the emergence of EBP in Britain as well as original discourse analysis and analytical research into the texts produced by EBP. It presents a new history of EBP presented around EBP's story-lines, subject positions and the institutional changes it has created. This history shows EBP shares a genealogical heritage with modern discourses of managerialism and neoliberalism. EBP's roots are traced and it is re-presented as an extension of the problematic relationship in the production of criminological knowledge and the British state. This history fundamentally challenges the notion on which EBP rests: basing policing policy upon independent, robust knowledge. Instead this book argues EBP should be subject to greater illumination and challenge, suggesting EBP is a contestable device that is doing political work. It speaks to those interested in policing, critical criminology and political science.

This short book focuses on the Disappearances that occurred during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Using in-depth interviews with thirteen families of those individuals who were abducted, murdered and secretly buried from the 1970's onwards, this book examines the experience of the families and communities left behind. Through an exploration of the historic and cultural origins of the contemporary IRA and how they came to be in the position of power within Catholic/Nationalist communities during the troubles, the context to the disappearances are presented. This book reviews the journey undertaken by the families, from the initial disappearance of their loved one and the suffocating silence that followed, through their coming together as a self-help group. It follows their lobbying on a national and international basis leading to the return of the bodies of some of their loved ones and the solidarity which leads them to fight on as a group to recover the bodies that remain missing. It also examines the involvement of the British and Irish and American governments in the set up of the International Commission for the Location of Victim's Remains and tells the story of the Clinton's personal involvement in supporting the families in their ongoing quest for recovery. It is written accessibly for researchers and practitioners.

This book provides a critical and comprehensive analysis of the reconceptualization of preventive warfare in the 21st century. It discusses how the US launched and fought some wars to prevent future vague threats and how that practice has fundamentally undermined the legal system and the main principles of the use of force in ways that not only further US dominance but shield powerful actors from accountability. The US redefined key legal concepts to set up a new legal framework for preventive warfare and, consequently, introduced new practices for carrying out preventive military operations.

Drawing on a collection of case studies, on the changes in the jus ad bellum and jus in bello, focusing mainly on Afghanistan and Iraq and beyond, the book shows how violations of the law of war were persistently conducted in the 21st century by supposedly democratic countries that claimed to be upholding the law. It explores three types of preventive warfare – that is, preventive national self-defense, preventive on-the-spot reactions, and preventive “security” detention – to show how they blurred the line between civilians and legitimate military targets, and thus increased the risk of causing harm to civilians. The book speaks to students, scholars, and practitioners from the fields of criminology, law, international relations, political science, critical security studies, and critical military studies.   

In the data economy, childhood is a lucrative commodity. 

The digital technologies that offer incredible possibilities for children’s enrichment and empowerment also open avenues for their exploitation, denigration, criminalisation, and control. Coming to grips with this paradigm of technological benefits and harms requires a deepened understanding about how children's rights are engaged within a technocratic system that distributes costs and benefits unequally.

In the context of the altered flows of data and power in the digital age, Wendy O’Brien argues for a resurgence in the commitment to equal human dignity. Challenging narrow conceptualisations of online risks to children, the book identifies the need to confront the techno-social status quo that accepts harms against children as inevitable.

This book will be of interest to legal scholars, criminologists, policy makers and technologists with an interest in upholding children’s rights in the age of AI.

This book explores the effective policing of public protection issues, from chapter authors with varied research and practitioner experience. The collection is aimed at detective police officers in specialist units, response and neighbourhood officers, as well as new recruits in policing public protection. Each chapter offers an understanding of victimology, perpetration, and the effective policing and investigation of such crimes. It explores questions such as why crimes happen, who the victims are, what perpetrators do, and why they might target certain victims. This book explores international literature, the evidence base, past mistakes, and what effective and professional policing should ‘look like’. The intention is to improve the policing and investigation of such complex crimes. Each chapter provides a concise summary, a comprehensive literature review, and a list of key actions for practice that officers should consider. It closes with a list of key resources. These chapters specifically cover the following thematic crime areas such as domestic abuse, child sexual abuse, gendered violence, and trafficking. This book also speaks to local authorities (Social Services, Trading Standards), professionals in Education, Health and Probation, academics, and Non-Government Organisations (NGO) in the charitable sector.

The Pivot explores bystander intervention and image-based sexual abuse. It fills a critical gap in the market on a significant and contemporary legal, social, public health, and criminal justice issue. It is timely in light of a number of recent high-profile instances of image-based sexual abuse perpetration, including those involving the non-consensual digital altering and sharing of sexual imagery – sexualised “deepfakes” created with AI, digital tools or software – of celebrities (e.g. Taylor Swift) and young women. This book draws upon the first mixed methods study of its kind globally and makes a substantial contribution to the conceptualisation of image-based sexual abuse and bystander intervention; an issue that has not yet been explored in detail. Drawing on criminology, gender studies, psychology, and law, it provides new theoretical and practical insights of particular relevance to practitioners, stakeholders, and government and non-government organisations on how bystander intervention can be an untapped prevention resource.

This edited collection brings together scholars from criminology, law, media and communication studies, politics and linguistics to consider the different meanings and dimensions of trial by media. Trial by media remains an under-researched and under-conceptualised phenomenon. This book sheds new light on the complex and evolving interfaces between courts, media and justice. It features original analysis of high-profile cases of media trials including Nicola Bulley (UK), Lindy Chamberlain (Australia), Chris Dawson (Australia), Sanda Dia (Belgium), Dragan Vasiljković (Australia) and Roman Zadorov (Israel). Acknowledging the risks and benefits of heightened media scrutiny of the criminal justice system, the book challenges the notion that trial by media is invariably incompatible with the requirements of natural justice. It also foregrounds ways in which media trials routinely occur in the absence of a legal trial, arguing that there is a need to broaden and rethink the concept of trial by media. The book reflects on the enduring significance of legacy media for public perceptions of the law and the disruptive impact associated with digital media. Furthermore, the collection considers the implications of trial by media for the integrity of court proceedings and the protection of human rights. It offers an assessment of the potential demise of court reporting and its traditional bridging function between courts and public opinion.

The cases analysed involve litigation concerning a disparate range of contemporary US culture wars  including equity in access to public services unrestricted by religious bias,  resistance to the teaching of historical facts relating to racial tensions in America including the so-called ‘critical race theory’ debate, the right of schoolchildren to exposure concerning a diversity of views, current USSC litigation about US university admissions policy that considers ‘race’ (ethnicity) as one factor amongst many in admission,  contemporary cases concerning the constitutionality of US abortion law grounded on Roe v Wade and the scope of State and indigenous sovereign powers  These contemporary culture war US landmark cases are then compared to similar cases in non-US jurisdictions and courts to consider in more depth the underlying core issues in these cases.

The book highlights the risk to a democracy of recasting fundamental human rights litigation as essentially nothing more than the sorting out of political quagmires and cultural conflicts best left to the discretion of government rather than the courts. Then, the major risk is that constitutional controversies will increasingly not be decided by an independent judiciary but rather by self-interested politicians as the courts more often than not decline to weigh in on highly sensitive human rights controversies. A further risk is that instead such cases will be decided through a judicial majoritarian political lens rather than a largely apolitical consensus judicial opinion constructed by both philosophically left leaning (so-called liberal) and right leaning (so-called conservative) jurists.

Mental Health, Crime and Justice brings together original and state of the art contributions from theoretical, empirical, and policy-related scholarship concerned with the ways people with mental health illnesses are understood, ‘managed’, ‘controlled’ and responded to. Drawing on critical scholarship from a variety of disciplines, the collection pays careful attention to the controversial relationship between mental health and crime, as well as key issues relating to justice and social harm. It presents a synthesis of discipline-specific approaches, from law, psychiatry, sociology, and criminology, but will also bridge together developments in both theory and practice.

The book explores the relationship between mental health and crime by deconstructing and analysing two important facets of the justice system: (1) the various ways in which people with mental disorder navigate and are navigated through the criminal justice (and forensic mental health) system(s); and (2) how so called ‘problematised populations’ are governed, with a particular emphasis on mental health as an unfolding dimension of social harm.

Unique to this volume, well-rehearsed debates are cross-examined with contemporary critiques about social harm and justice. By considering the multifaceted dimensions of violence to include ‘gendered’, ‘structural’, and ‘systemic’, this book provides a nuanced insight that exposes the controversial relationship that is said to exist between mental health and crime. The collection seeks to highlight the harm and injustice that people with mental health disorders are subject to when interacting with the criminal justice system.

Economic Crime and Conceptions of Trust explores the intricacies of the contemporary concept of trust in episodes of misconduct through an analysis of workplace deviance and crime. Grounded in detailed examinations of contemporary case studies and bolstered by original comparative fieldwork, the text takes an offender-focused approach, emphasizing the pivotal role of convenience. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, the authors seek to enhance and broaden existing understanding of white-collar and corporate criminology, while also highlighting its relevance to strategic management studies. A core argument of the book is that the traditional emphasis on individual actors and notions of trustworthiness when conceptualising white-collar has waned in recent times. The authors’ perspective revisits and builds upon this important foundational concept of late twentieth-century discourse within the discipline, signalling a need for a reassessment and highlighting a number of recent conceptual developments to evaluate and position trust within the twenty-first century globalized business sphere.

This book delves into the complex world of human trafficking in Indonesia, focusing on individuals involved in trafficking for domestic labor and the sex industry. It shifts the emphasis from victims to perpetrators, exploring the motivations and socio-cultural factors that drive people to participate in these crimes. Through a thorough analysis of court documents and expert interviews, the book uncovers the backgrounds and methods of traffickers, offering a nuanced perspective on this critical issue.

Addressing gaps in current international and national policies, this book proposes practical recommendations for preventing trafficking by understanding the perspectives of those who commit it. This work aims to deepen the reader's understanding of trafficking in Indonesia and provide actionable insights for combating this global problem.

The two-volume set, LNICST 613 and 614, constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime, ICDF2C 2024, held in Dubrovnik, Croatia, during October 9–10, 2024.

The 40 full papers presented here were carefully selected and reviewed from 90 submissions. These papers have been organized in the following topical sections:

Part I- Artificial Intelligence & Security; Multimedia Forensics; Intrusion Detection; Intrusion and Fraud Detection; Large Language Models, Advances in Security and Forensics; Advances in Security and Forensics.

Part II- Security Analytics, Threat Intelligence, Multimedia Forensics; Generative AI, Emerging Threats.

This book offers an avenue for understanding the parameters, scope, meanings, and impacts of environmental protest. Focusing on ecodefense, it explores the significance of the communiqué (the written explanation of the reasons for an act of ecodefense), comparing the communiqué to written texts in Conceptual art. It presents and seeks to evaluate the following analogy: act of ecodefense : communiqué :: work of conceptual art : written declaration/statement. By considering the communiqué in this light, this book helps us better comprehend the rationales for “radical environmentalism” undertaken for the purposes of reducing environmental harms, natural resource exploitation, and animal abuse.

The book critically engages with the right to play and other Convention rights to explore their interdependence and interconnectivity. The book brings together experts across various children’s rights topics and invites them to consider the intersections of their work with the child’s right to play. It furthers the understanding and implementation of the right to play as this novel area of research develops. The book demonstrates both the interdependence of the rights within the Convention, and the unique and critical role of the right to play in achieving the aims of the Convention and the rights therein. It also extends the theoretical, methodological and critical scope of the discipline by considering children’s rights in this interdependent manner.

The contributions to this edited collection explore the role of the right to play in meeting obligations pertaining to the digital environment, identity rights, education, climate change and environmental health, refugees, girls’ rights, social protection, healthcare and disability, and vice versa. By drawing together original and creative approaches to a number of pressing social questions and issues relating to human rights, this book has tangible application for developing both the content of the right to play and the potentials of this right for the wider child rights project. Furthermore, this book is pioneering in the field of children’s rights in two key ways. Not only does it serve to contribute to filling a significant gap in the literature on the right to play, but it also stands as a crucial example of interdisciplinary legal research. Such an approach is critical for the field of children’s rights due to the nature of childhood and the multidisciplinary relevance of children’s rights and children’s issues. This book thus serves as an example to push the field to be more contextual and interdisciplinary.

This edited collection draws together and contextualises research on the Epidemiological Criminology (EpiCrim) approaches to sexual abuse carried out by the University of West England (UWE), Bristol. EpiCrim sees crime and offending behaviour, including sexual abuse, as a public health issue and advocates that to prevent first time or repeat offending behaviour we have to work in a bespoke way across a number of populations (individual, interpersonal, community, and societal). The book introduces the area of EpiCrim and how it works to address sexual abuse, before examining the UWE based research on the prevention, treatment and community integration of people impacted by sexual abuse. The book discusses policy, practice, theory and research in this area with the authors reviewing, critiquing, synthesising as well as building upon previous/current research, theory and policy.

This accessible book examines American law enforcement cybercrime investigations. Through semi-structured interviews with forty-seven cybercrime law enforcement investigators, it explores the characteristics of investigators, the development of cybercrime units and task force programs in the US, the processes involved in these investigations, and the culture of American cybercrime investigations. This includes how cybercrime investigators relate to police occupational culture, their perceptions of offenders and victims, and use of humor. It also considers the technological, economic, political, and cultural contexts that shape and structure cybercrime investigations, units, and task forces. It adopts a sociological approach to the study of cybercrime policing by tracing connections between the individual and organizational levels of analysis to the macro-structural. In other words, it situates cybercrime policing in the “big picture” of technological change, the political economic of internet platforms, the transformation of “force” in the internet age, and related matters. Finally, this book builds from this comprehensive analysis of American policing to discuss pathways forward by curating institutional and organizational policy suggestions to promote both effective and just cybercrime policing.

The term radicalisation is being used by politicians, activist groups, the media, governmental organisations, and many other groups, although it lacks conceptual clarity and insufficient consideration is given to its historical context. This edited book offers a reflective overview of the state of the research by addressing questions such as ‘what is radicalisation?’ and ‘does the concept help us to understand political violence differently?' across the social sciences. From a global selection of scholars, it explores the definition and the utilisation of the concept of radicalisation, pathway modelling, and the impact of gender, religion, and ideologies on radicalisation. It combines theoretical and historical analysis, providing a good introduction for any scholar and student starting in that field.

This book tells the story of Hang Time, a grassroots, community-based program to reduce violence and recidivism amongst returning citizens in Connecticut, and how its model can be used in restorative justice efforts across the country.

Featuring stories of Hang Time participants, this volume illustrate the impact a supportive and safe environment has on ex-offenders, their families, friends, and community during re-entry. It offers examples of successful programming elements, such as:

•Creating a safe space for people to share their experiences and issues

•Developing an community for people of different ages, backgrounds and community roles

•Identifying and utilizing community resources

•Furthering community engagement via training of new correctional officers, police, and state prosecutors during their career on-boarding.

This volume is the ideal resource for individuals, groups, and organizations aiming to humanize justice-involved individuals and programing, including: community organizations and funders, policy makers, social services, members within the judicial, law enforcement, corrections, students, and non-profit community leaders.

The book provides a compelling and comprehensive explanation of the puzzling resilience of the gangs that have operated in Rio de Janeiro since the 1980s. It offers a broad overview of the history of gangs and gang alliances (factions) in the whole of the city, focussing on the evolution and consistency of these groups over time, positing the link between these and the groups’ chances of survival. It draws on more than 285 articles from 15 newspapers and media outlets across a time span covering more than 40 years, supplemented with interviews with high-ranking public security officers and secondary data. Applying a novel and composite translation of biological evolutionary concepts to a complex criminological context, it focusses on three main fields of interest: territory, relations, and internal dynamics.

This two-volume edited collection showcases the work of leading scholars researching hate crime perpetration. It explores current research into hate crime perpetration, develops theoretical perspectives, and provides scholarly analysis of legal frameworks, policy responses and criminal justice practice. It seeks to understand how hate and intolerance manifest and are perpetrated. 

This Volume (II) focuses on developing responses to hate in online and offline settings while Volume I assesses offender profiles and motivation. Together they highlight links between different forms and arenas of hate crime offending and provides new perspectives on the nature of contemporary hate and intolerance, how it can be understood, and how it might be effectively tackled. 

This two-volume collection contends that ‘difference’ in all its forms can be targeted by vitriol and abuse across and beyond the recognised ‘five strands’ of hate crime law and policy in England and Wales (racist, religiously motivated, homophobic, transphobic and disablist) alongside broader behaviours that underpin intolerance (such as scapegoating, stereotyping and microaggressions). These volumes bring together a range of perspectives to provide the readers – be they students, academics, policy makers, practitioners or the general public – with a comprehensive understanding of this topic.

This book delves into the testimonies of 22 pivotal individuals intricately connected to the Petrobras Operation Car Wash scandal, a significant event that exposed the involvement of influential government and business leaders in a complicated web of corruption, impacting Brazil and extending its effects throughout Latin America. Through a diverse array of perspectives—including prosecutors, defence attorneys, members of the judiciary, and civil society representatives—the book offers a thorough and nuanced analysis of systemic corruption and its extensive repercussions. Each testimony sheds light on the mechanisms of deceit and the interplay between power and accountability, ultimately providing readers with a deeper understanding of the socio-political landscape. The translation has been meticulously refined, benefiting from advanced AI assistance and the expertise of a native English speaker, ensuring clarity and coherence in conveying these critical insights.

This edited book provides a comprehensive study of punitive practices in modern-day Lithuania, highlighting its significance as a democratic European state navigating the continuing consequences of its Soviet-era criminal justice system. Punitive attitudes and practices are explored through a thematic framework, examining their socio-political, cultural, and historical contexts. Part I traces the cultural, psychological, and historical origins of punishment, highlighting the influence of collective memory and transitional reforms on penal debates. Part II examines the uneven application of criminal justice, showing how it unfairly punishes marginalised and disadvantaged communities. Part III explores advancements in probation, imprisonment, crime prevention, and victim support, showing how reforms can become both symbolic and oppressive. The book offers various criminological viewpoints that contribute to policy discussions about reducing excessive punishment, exploring alternatives, and promoting meaningful justice reform. This vital resource supports the work of scholars in criminology, sociology, law, and related fields focused on social justice and democratic reform.

This two-volume set provides insights not only into issues of criminology, but also criminal justice issues that are generally not at the forefront of Caribbean scholarship, for example, remand detention and the Caribbean Court of Justice. This volume focusses on crime, crime trends and criminal justice reform whereas volume II focusses on intersectionality, justice, and vulnerable populations. Using a diverse approach, and tackling topics including, food fraud, human trafficking, gender-based and domestic violence, climate change, and agro-terrorism, these books fill an existing lacuna in the context of specific issues plaguing Caribbean criminological and justice landscapes in the region. 

This book provides an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of heritage crime in England and Wales. Drawing on a pastiche of empirical data comprised of qualitative testimony from police officers, victims of heritage crime, and heritage practitioners, it interrogates the following areas: i) the nature of heritage crime, ii) how is it conceptualized and operationalized within policing, iii) the victim of heritage crime and iv) opportunities for improved practice in this area. It speaks to academics and students who are interested in art, antiques and cultural property crime as well as policing and victimisation relating to these crimes. 

The Asian Yearbook of International Economic Law (AYIEL) 2024 addresses the rapidly evolving field of international economic law with a special focus on Asia and the Pacific. With the rapidly changing geopolitical situation, protectionist measures have been taken by many countries, which has caused significant impact on international economic governance. Given the importance of Asia and the Pacific, it is necessary to study on trade protectionism and its impacts especially from a regional perspective. The AYIEL 2024 therefore focuses on “Protectionism and International Economic Law”, exploring the recent trade measures taken by leading economies amid the changing geopolitical and geoeconomic situation, as well as the potential impacts of these changes on Asian countries and beyond.  

Rapid advancements in Generative Artificial Intelligence (like ChatGPT and LLMs) are fundamentally reshaping the landscape of both criminal activity and law enforcement. Artificial Intelligence and Crime collates seminal and insightful published materials into a single, accessible volume.

Currently, scholarship exploring the dual dimensions of AI and the critical intersections is emerging rapidly but remains dispersed across various journals, conference proceedings, and edited volumes. This curated collection will provide readers with a structured understanding of how AI is used maliciously, how it can be leveraged to fight crime, the complex legal challenges it poses, and the ethical considerations surrounding its implementation in the justice system. By bringing these key resources together, the book will serve as an indispensable reference tool, facilitating further research, informing policy, and providing a crucial resource for academic curricula.

The auto-summaries have been generated by a recursive clustering algorithm via the Dimensions Auto-summarizer by Digital Science handled by Subject Matter Experts and the editor of this book. The editor of this book selected which SN content should be auto-summarized and decided its order of appearance. Please be aware that these are extractive auto-summaries, which consist of original sentences, but are not representative of the original papers and/or book chapters, since we do not show the full length of the publications. Please note that only published SN content is represented here, and that machine-generated books are still at an experimental stage.

This handbook provides an essential reference to the pivotal and dynamic field of business and human rights from an African perspective. Grounded in human rights frameworks, it presents the status quo of the prevailing fundamental and intersectional issues related to business and human rights regulation in Africa. The handbook covers topics such as land and institutional governance, corporate social responsibility, and gender issues as some of the main themes and offers practical regulatory solutions based on doctrinal, empirical, and comparative methods. Exploring the intersection of business and human rights deepens our understanding of the legal, policy,  and regulatory challenges involved and clarifies how and to what extent human rights concerns are addressed in Africa, a continent often marked by human rights violations by multinational corporations. It is hoped that the solutions provided here will help advance policy, regulatory, and legal developments related to business and human rights in Africa.

This open access book consolidates a collection of scholarly papers presented at the academic conference titled "Corporate Human Rights Responsibility in OECD Case Law: Actors, Issues, Responsibilities, and Remedies", held on 4 and 5 May 2023. The conference was organized by the OECD Case Law Project at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.

The book is divided into three sections. The first examines how NCP cases interpret corporate responsibilities, including financial institutions, on human rights and environmental issues, focusing on climate change and conflict-affected zones. It also highlights how OECD cases address corporate accountability and its impact on the revised OECD Guidelines and the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD).

The second section critically evaluates the NCP mechanism's effectiveness, assessing whether it provides substantive remedies and how well NCP mediation resolves disputes. It offers both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the grievance processes in line with UNGP effectiveness criteria.

The third section explores the NCP’s role in global corporate responsibility frameworks, particularly its potential influence on shaping mandatory due diligence obligations through frameworks like the CSDDD, reinforcing corporate accountability in international business practices.

Additionally, the book offers key recommendations for policymakers, NCP experts, and practitioners on improving the NCP system to ensure more meaningful outcomes for human rights violations.

Blockchains and smart contracts are emerging technologies that pose unique challenges for legal systems. This book outlines the extent to which these new and innovative technologies could have potentially disruptive effects on contract law in Europe. It does so through a comparative, three-part analysis of the recognisability and effects of smart contracts in European legal systems. First of all, in light of the technologies’ transboundary nature, the book employs a comparative approach, considering French law, German law, English law, and Dutch law to analyse the impact on the different systems of contract law. While doing so, it also addresses the formation, interpretation, and vitiation of contracts. Secondly, it analyses the impact of these technologies on European laws regarding unfair terms in consumer contracts and argues that the existing rules should be applied to smart legal agreements in business-to-consumer relations. Lastly, it analyses the current European rules of private international law on the basis of which jurisdiction and applicable law are developed. In this respect, the book concludes that the vast majority of these European rules are “smart contract-proof”.

This volume addresses contemporary challenges, enabled by modern technology, that concern upholding freedom of speech where it conflicts with social rights, such as respect for private and family life, and with economic rights, such as the freedom to conduct business or the right to free movement.

Today, there are already demands for “old-school clarity”: truth filters on social media platforms, horrendous sums of liability for platforms that encourage (overly)thorough cleaning up. However, it is equally true that private individuals “regulate”: they decide what is found on the Internet and who may post on a given platform. Accounting for all interests at play and striking a “fair” balance that avoids both a public and private over- and under-regulation is a complex matter. The authors of this volume not only provide reflections in their highly topical contributions, but also share their understanding of what constitutes a fair balance within the larger frame of freedom of speech in a digital age.